The Texas Archive War was an 1842 dispute over an attempted move of the Republic of Texas national archives from Austin to Houston and, more broadly, over then-president Sam Houston's efforts to make Houston the capital of Texas.
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The Republic of Texas formed in 1836. As the Texas Revolution continued, the papers that documented the workings of the interim government accompanied government officials as they evacuated to various towns to stay in front of the Mexican Army.[1] After the war ended in April, Columbia became the nation's capital city, and the archives were located there. The center of government and the archives were then moved to Houston.[2]
In 1839, Mirabeau B. Lamar became President of Texas. Under his influence, the Texas Congress authorized the establishment of a planned city to serve as the seat of government. The new city, Austin, was at the edge of the frontier, near several hostile native tribes, with no easy way to get supplies.[2] Proponents of the move predicted that when the rest of the nation was settled, Austin would be the population center.[3] The opposition, led by former president Sam Houston, wanted the government to remain near the current population center, along the Gulf Coast.[2]
The nation's archives were moved to Austin between August 26 and October 14, 1839. Fifty wagons were used. Lamar and his cabinet arrived on October 17. Over the next several years, Comanches staged several raids near Austin. Citizens in the Houston area and the Houston Morning Star editorial board used these as evidence to support their argument that the capital and the archives should be returned to Houston.[3]
Sam Houston was elected president again in September 1841. His margin of victory was so large he assumed a mandate to implement his priorities, including moving the capital. Congress continued to reject proposals to move the archives.[3]
Congress adjourned in February 1842. The following month, Mexican troops under General Rafael Vásquez invaded Texas. By March 5, over 1,000 Mexican soldiers were camped in San Antonio.[3] Several days later, a committe of vigilance in Austin recommended martial law and ordered residents to evacuate. A small number of people remained. President Houston returned to the city that bore his name.[4]
Vásquez retreated after a few days. Sam Houston may not have known of this; on March 10, he ordered George W. Hockley, Secretary of War, the move the archives to Houston. As justification, he cited part of the Constitution of Texas which stated "The president and heads of departments shall keep their offices at the seat of government, unless removed by the permission of Congress, or unless, in case of emergency in time of war, the public interest may require their removal."[4]
Colonel Henry Jones, the military commander in Austin, convened a group of citizen to discuss Houston's order. Public sentiment was that Austin was safe, and that Houston's departure had created a lack of confidence in the city, which had resulted in devalued real estate.[5] On March 16, the committe of vigilance resolved that removing the archives was against the law. They formed a patrol at Bastrop to search every wagon and seize any government records found.[6] Sam Houston's private secretary, W.D. Miller, wrote him that Austin residents "would much rather take their rifles to prevent a removal [of the archives] than to fight Mexicans".[7] To resolve the issue, the president called a special session of Congress, which convened in Houston on June 27, 1842. Congress took no action to move the capital.[6]
In September 1842, General Adrián Woll led another Mexican expedition into Texas and temporarily captured San Antonio.[6] Sam Houston convened the Seventh Texas Congress convened at Washington-on-the-Brazos.[6] In his introductory remarks, Houston demanded that Congress support the removal of the archives, over the protests of the "seditious" citizens of Austin, asserting that "as to the propriety and necessity of the act no reasonable doubt could exist".[8] On December 9, Senator Greer proposed "A Bill to provide for the safety of the National Archives".[8] The vote to suspend the rules of order to allow the bill to pass quickly resulted in a tie; Senate president Edward Burleson, who did not like Sam Houston, cast the deciding vote against the bill. Undeterred, on December 10 Greer introduced another bill to move the General Land Office. He left blank the name of the city to which the office should be moved, resulting in weeks of debate as to which city should be so honored.[8]
On December 10, Houston privately tasked Colonel Thomas I. Smith and Captain Eli Chandler with moving the nation's archives to Washington-on-the-Brazos.[6] Houston wrote that "The importance of removing the public archives and government stores from their present dangerous situation at the City of Austin to a place of security, is becoming daily more and more imperative. While they remain where they are, no one knows the hour when they may be utterly destroyed."[9] The men were encouraged to raise a small troop on the premise of conducting an excursion against the native tribes, then quickly secure the archives and transport them.[9]
Smith led over 20 men and 3 wagons into Austin the morning of December 30, 1842. The men were almost finished loading the wagons with papers when they were noticed by Angelina Eberly, owner of a nearby boarding house.[9] Eberly ran to Congress Avenue, where a 6-pound howitzer was situated. She turned the small cannon toward the Land Office, and Eberly fired it. Although some shot hit the Land Office, there was no real damage and no one was injured.[10]
Smith and his men left quickly, headed northeast to avoid the men patrolling the road through Bastrop.[10] They were accompanied by two clerks from the General Land Office (GLO), who were tasked with ensuring the GLO records were not harmed or modified.[11] Their progress was slow; a downpour made roads almost impassible for the already slow-moving oxen.[10] The group managed to travel 18 miles (29 km) before stopping for the night at Kinney's Fort along Bushy Creek.
In Austin, Captain Mark Lewis gathered a group of men to retrieve the archives. Some of the pursuers had no horses, and some had little or no weaponry.[10] Lewis's men reached Smith's encampment in the middle of the night. They were undetected, as Smith had neglected to post guards.[10] On the morning of December 31, the records were returned to Austin. It is uncertain as to whether Smith's men took them back or if the Austin group took custody of the records and transported them.[12]
The Texas House of Representatives formed a committee to investigate the attempted transferral of the archives. The committee admonished President Houston for his actions in trying to move the capital from Austin without the approval of Congress.[13] A Senate committee reported that they did not agree that Austin should be the capital, but without an immediate threat to the city, Houston had no legal reason to move the records.[14] In 1843, the Senate voted that the archived should be moved if there was not peace with Mexico. The vote was again tied, but this time Burleson cast his deciding vote in favor of the bill. The Texas House rejected it.[14]
The Senate also issued a resolution encouraging Houston to move the governmental agencies back to Austin.[15] Nevertheless, the legislature and government offices continued to run from Washington-on-the-Brazos.[16] Former president Lamar received a letter in March 1843 that said the town of Austin was almost deserted; most businesses were closed, but the archives were still present.[16]
On July 4, 1845, a convention met in Austin to consider the annexation of Texas to the United States. At that time, the governmental records created in Washington-on-the-Brazos were transferred to Austin, creating a single archive.[16]
A statue of Angelina Eberly was erected in 2004 in downtown Austin.[17]